n vitro SA stimulus was weak to induce only a single Ca2+ rise that disturbed spindle microtubules leading to dispersion of the irregularly-pulled chromosomes on the spindle, because the MAPK activity in these oocytes had been down regulated to 75% by the in vivo SA stimulus and was not enough to maintain microtubule integrity. 1215493-56-3 manufacturer During aging in vitro, the MAPK activity continued to decrease to 45% as the MPF declined further. The decrease of MAPK to 45% resulted in disintegration of the chromosome spindle with chromosomes scattered in the ooplasm and suppression of PB2 extrusion. Although 75% of MAPK activity was not enough to maintain microtubule integrity, it was enough to support SAC activation. As a result, a disturbance of spindle microtubules activated SAC. Because a single Ca2+ rise would not be enough to overcome the suppression of SAC on APC, the activated SAC would inhibit APC and increase MPF activity which then activated MAPK, leading to the MIII arrest. When freshly ovulated oocytes recovered 13 h 
post hCG were Sr2+ activated, their 100% MAPK activity maintained both spindle integrity and PB2 extrusion. Meanwhile, the Sr2+ stimulation generated multiple Ca2+ spikes that could activate APC adequately to inactivate MPF and MAPK and promoted pronuclear formation. In conclusion, we report for the first time that a premature MAPK inactivation triggered SA by disturbing spindle microtubules and caused PB2 retention during SA of rat oocytes; the microtubule disturbance reactivated MPF by activating SAC, triggering the MIII arrest; and the SA stimulus induced only a single Ca2+ rise, whereas Sr2+ treatment induced multiple Ca2+ increases in rat oocytes. Materials and Methods Ethics Statement Rat care and use were conducted exactly in accordance with the guidelines and approved by the Animal Research Committee of the Shandong Agricultural University, P. R. China. According to the guidelines of the committee, the animal handling staff must be trained before using animals. Rats must be housed in a temperature-controlled room with proper darknesslight cycles, fed with a regular diet, and maintained under the care of the Experimental Animal Center, Shandong Agricultural PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189214 University College of Animal Science and Vet Medicine. In the present study, Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The only procedure performed on the dead animals was the collection of oocytes from the oviducts. Chemicals and reagents used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. unless otherwise specified. 8 MAPK, SAC and Oocyte Spontaneous Activation Oocyte recovery Sprague-Dawley rats were kept in an air-conditioned room with 14 h/10 h light-dark cycles, the darkness starting from 8 pm. Female rats, 2326 days after birth, were induced to superovulate with equine chorionic gonadotropin followed 48 h later by human chorionic gonadotropin. Both eCG and hCG used in this study were from Ningbo Hormone Product Co., Ltd, P. R. China. The superovulated rats were sacrificed at different times after hCG injection and the oviductal ampullae were broken to release oocytes. After dispersed and washed three times in M2 medium, the oocytes were denuded of cumulus cells by pipetting with a thin pipette in a drop of M2 containing 0.1% hyaluronidase. Induced activation To artificially induce activation, freshly ovulated oocytes recovered 13 h post hCG injection were treated for 15 min with 2 mM SrCl2 contained in Ca2+-free mR1ECM. After the activation treatment, the