No signs of neuronal damage such as ATF3 induction or myelin loss have been observed. The data also argue for a lack of toxicity from vector-derived siRNA in DRG neurons, which is consistent with a PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189597 recent report. An AAV5 vector encoding a siRNA was directly injected into the DRG and no detectable cytotoxicity was reported. An increase in DRG Iba1 immunoreactivity was the only sign of vector-induced adverse side-effects that we could detect. In many cases, increased Iba1 is viewed as an indicator for microglia/ macrophage activation. It is unlikely that the glia activation was directly related to the vector-mediated RNAi effects, because a comparable degree of Iba1 upregulation was observed following an ��RNA-less��AAV5 vector that encodes GFP only. There is, however, a possibility that the increased Iba1 is attributable to GFP, or alternatively to the viral capsid. To note, the Iba1 increase was present only in the lumbar DRGs. In thoracic or cervical DRGs, where viral transduction was negative, there 
was no Iba1 increase. It would be interesting to investigate in future studies if a ��GFP-less��AAV5 vector or other serotypes elicit the same reaction. Despite the apparent Iba1 increase in the lumbar DRGs, AAV5-treated rats displayed overall good health, normal weight gain and no detectable signs of stress. Baseline pain thresholds, a sensitive measure of function, were unaltered suggesting no abnormities. mTOR has been implicated in nociceptive signal transmission, both at peripheral sites and spinal dorsal horn. A previous study showed that peripheral inhibition of mTOR by intraplantar rapamycin decreases the thermal sensitivity of a subset of A-nociceptors in non-injured rats, and local rapamycin treatment attenuated Tauroursodeoxycholic acid sodium salt mechanical hypersensitivity in the spared nerve injury neuropathic pain model. However, we did not observe any changes on pain thresholds in rats with DRG mTOR knockdown, neither in the acute thermal or mechanical tests nor the two chronic pain models. A significant reduction of mTOR protein in lumbar DRGs was confirmed by both Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We also observed a decrease of phospho-S6 protein, suggestive of an inhibition of mTOR enzymatic activity, in the treated lumbar DRGs. It is known that in addition to DRG, mTOR is expressed extensively in spinal dorsal horn neurons including the NK1 projection neurons which are essential in pain signal transduction. Since mTOR expression in spinal cord is intact in the AAVtreated animals, given the observed spinal pharmacology of mTOR, we suggest that mTOR function in primary sensory neurons is not essential for nociception. It should be noted that other signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways exist in the primary sensory neurons that may also play important roles. These alternative pathways may have undergone adaptive changes to compensate for a chronic knockdown of mTOR and a normal pain behavior was preserved. It is interesting to note that IT antisense oligo knockdown of a p38 MAPK isoform indeed diminished the hyperalgesic pain state. Those studies do not permit assessment of whether the relevant site of p38 knock down was spinal or DRG. Further experiments could indeed assess the role of DRG-p38-b by ITAAV5-mediated transduction. In conclusion, the current study showed that intrathecal administration of AAV5 is a highly efficient and reliable paradigm for delivering small RNAs and generating gene knockdowns in the primary af