ted repeat highlighted in Fig. 4 is changed to TCTTGACA. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032684.g003 PCP induction of mexAB-oprM is NalC and MexRdependent but PA3720-ArmR-independent In addition to its induction of PA320-armR, PCP was previously shown to induce the MexR-regulated mexAB-oprM multidrug efflux operon, results that have been confirmed here. Mutations in nalC and mexR yielded elevated expression of mexAB-oprM, as seen previously, and this was no longer responsive to PCP. Thus, PCP operates though these regulators in promoting mexAB-oprM expression. Given that NalC controls expression of the ArmR anti-repressor that modulates MexR repression of mexAB-oprM, the obvious interpretation of these results is that PCP as a NalC effector affords PA3720-armR expression, with ArmR modulating MexR activity to effect mexABoprM expression. To assess this, PCP induction of the efflux operon was examined in armR mutant strain K3145. As seen in Fig. 6, mexAB-oprM was still induced in response to PCP treatment, albeit to a lesser extent, indicating that PCP induction of this efflux operon can occur independently of its promotion of ArmR expression. PA3720 encodes a protein of unknown function that, like armR, is NalC regulated and PCP inducible and which might, therefore, play a role in PCP induction of mexAB-oprM. Thus, PCP induction of mexAB-oprM was assessed in a mutant, K3146, lacking PA3720. Again, however, PCP induction of mexAB-oprM was retained in the mutant. Similarly, PCP induction of mexAB-oprM was seen in a mutant strain, K3130, lacking both PA3720 and armR, ruling out both genes independently mediating PCP induction of the efflux operon. Similarly, while loss of armR compromised the mexAB-oprM overexpression seen in a nalC mutant in agreement with previous results, PCP induction of mexAB-oprM was retained in the nalC DarmR mutant K2276 again indicating that PCP induction of the efflux operon can occur independently of ArmR. Interestingly, however, and in contrast to what was observed when armR was Ariflo web eliminated in wild type strain K767, where there was little or no impact on basal levels of mexAB-oprM expression , loss of armR in a nalC background reduced expression of PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189214 mexAB-oprM to below the basal levels seen in K767. PCP is not a MexR effector The observation that PCP induction of mexAB-oprM 
is dependent on MexR but independent of PA3720-armR suggested that PCP may be capable of directly modulating MexR activity to effect efflux gene expression. To assess this, the impact of PCP on MexR binding to a DNA fragment containing the mexAB-oprM promoter region was examined using EMSA. As seen in Fig. 7 MexR binding was observed, revealing a complex pattern of DNA binding suggestive of variable occupancy of multiple MexR binding sites and/or cooperative binding of MexR to its target DNA. Inn any case, PCP had no impact on MexR binding at concentrations up to 100 mM, and while there were qualitative differences in the pattern of shifted DNA at the highest concentrations virtually all of the mexAB-oprM promoter-containing DNA remained bound to MexR at these concentrations of PCP. Thus, in contrast to NalC, PCP is not an effector for MexR. Discussion ArmR is an anti-repressor that modulates MexR repressor activity in nalC mutants that hyperexpress the PA3720-armR operon, accounting for the elevated expression of the mexAB-oprM multidrug efflux operon in such mutants. In light of the impact of PCP on NalC repression of the PA3720-armR operon and th