R medical conditions and yet defining the primary relationship in a severely obese population may not be clear cut. The extent to which each factor is responsible for the causation and maintenance of each other is complex and may differ between individuals. Qualitative NES research is currently limited to reports of patient satisfaction with medical treatment of NES.112 Further qualitative studies investigating subjective experiences of individuals with NES and severe obesity may help to identify individual NES-obesity causal pathways and individualise treatment.20 Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL, Thompson D, Affenito S, Kraemer HC. Night eating: prevalence and demographic correlates. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 139?47. 21 Lundgren JD, Rempfer MV, Brown CE, Goetz J, Hamera E. The prevalence of night eating BLU-554 web syndrome and binge eating disorder among overweight and obese individuals with serious mental illness. Psychiatry Res 2010; 175: 233?36. 22 Morse SA, Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Hirsch IB. Isn’t this just bedtime snacking? The potential adverse effects of night-eating symptoms on treatment adherence and outcomes in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1800?804. 23 Birketvedt GS, Florholmen J, Sundsfjord J, Osterud B, Dinges D, Bilker W et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics of the night-eating syndrome. JAMA 1999; 282: 657?63. 24 O’Reardon JP, Ringel BL, Dinges DF, Allison KC, Rogers NL, Martino NS et al. Circadian eating and sleeping patterns in the night eating syndrome. Obes Res 2004; 12: 1789?796. 25 Allison KC, Ahima RS, O’Reardon JP, Dinges DF, Sharma V, Cummings DE et al. Neuroendocrine profiles associated with energy intake, sleep, and stress in the night eating syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 6214?217. 26 RC Boston, PJ Moate, KC Allison, JD Lundgren, Stunkard AJ. Modeling circadian rhythms of food intake by means of parametric deconvolution: results from studies of the night eating syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 1672?677. 27 Allison KC, Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Stunkard AJ. Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome: a comparative study of disordered eating. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005; 73: 1107?115. 28 Lundgren JD, Allison KC, Stunkard AJ. Familial aggregation in the night eating syndrome. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 516?18. 29 O’Reardon JP, Stunkard AJ, Allison KC. Clinical trial of sertraline in the treatment of night eating syndrome. Int J Eat Disord 2004; 35: 16?6. 30 Lichtman SW, Pisarska K, Berman ER, Pestone M, Dowling H, Offenbacher E et al. Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1893?898. 31 Lundgren JD, McCune A, Spresser C, Harkins P, Zolton L, Mandal K. Night eating patterns of individuals with eating ��-AmanitinMedChemExpress ��-Amanitin disorders: Implications for conceptualizing the night eating syndrome. Psychiatry Res 2011; 186: 103?08. 32 de Zwaan M, Roerig DB, Crosby RD, Karaz S, Mitchell JE. Nighttime eating: a descriptive study. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 224?32. 33 Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress. Int J Obes (London) 2007; 31: 1722?730. 34 Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL, Thompson D, Affenito S, May A, Kraemer HC. Exploring the typology of night eating syndrome. Int J Eat Disord 2008; 41: 411?18. 35 Allison KC, Lundgren JD, O’Reardon JP, Martino NS, Sarwer DB, Wadden TA et al. The night eating questionnaire (NEQ):.R medical conditions and yet defining the primary relationship in a severely obese population may not be clear cut. The extent to which each factor is responsible for the causation and maintenance of each other is complex and may differ between individuals. Qualitative NES research is currently limited to reports of patient satisfaction with medical treatment of NES.112 Further qualitative studies investigating subjective experiences of individuals with NES and severe obesity may help to identify individual NES-obesity causal pathways and individualise treatment.20 Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL, Thompson D, Affenito S, Kraemer HC. Night eating: prevalence and demographic correlates. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 139?47. 21 Lundgren JD, Rempfer MV, Brown CE, Goetz J, Hamera E. The prevalence of night eating syndrome and binge eating disorder among overweight and obese individuals with serious mental illness. Psychiatry Res 2010; 175: 233?36. 22 Morse SA, Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Hirsch IB. Isn’t this just bedtime snacking? The potential adverse effects of night-eating symptoms on treatment adherence and outcomes in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1800?804. 23 Birketvedt GS, Florholmen J, Sundsfjord J, Osterud B, Dinges D, Bilker W et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics of the night-eating syndrome. JAMA 1999; 282: 657?63. 24 O’Reardon JP, Ringel BL, Dinges DF, Allison KC, Rogers NL, Martino NS et al. Circadian eating and sleeping patterns in the night eating syndrome. Obes Res 2004; 12: 1789?796. 25 Allison KC, Ahima RS, O’Reardon JP, Dinges DF, Sharma V, Cummings DE et al. Neuroendocrine profiles associated with energy intake, sleep, and stress in the night eating syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 6214?217. 26 RC Boston, PJ Moate, KC Allison, JD Lundgren, Stunkard AJ. Modeling circadian rhythms of food intake by means of parametric deconvolution: results from studies of the night eating syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 1672?677. 27 Allison KC, Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Stunkard AJ. Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome: a comparative study of disordered eating. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005; 73: 1107?115. 28 Lundgren JD, Allison KC, Stunkard AJ. Familial aggregation in the night eating syndrome. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 516?18. 29 O’Reardon JP, Stunkard AJ, Allison KC. Clinical trial of sertraline in the treatment of night eating syndrome. Int J Eat Disord 2004; 35: 16?6. 30 Lichtman SW, Pisarska K, Berman ER, Pestone M, Dowling H, Offenbacher E et al. Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1893?898. 31 Lundgren JD, McCune A, Spresser C, Harkins P, Zolton L, Mandal K. Night eating patterns of individuals with eating disorders: Implications for conceptualizing the night eating syndrome. Psychiatry Res 2011; 186: 103?08. 32 de Zwaan M, Roerig DB, Crosby RD, Karaz S, Mitchell JE. Nighttime eating: a descriptive study. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 224?32. 33 Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress. Int J Obes (London) 2007; 31: 1722?730. 34 Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL, Thompson D, Affenito S, May A, Kraemer HC. Exploring the typology of night eating syndrome. Int J Eat Disord 2008; 41: 411?18. 35 Allison KC, Lundgren JD, O’Reardon JP, Martino NS, Sarwer DB, Wadden TA et al. The night eating questionnaire (NEQ):.