ells. However, DNMT3B knockdown does not appear to alter 5aza mediated DNA damage. Hence resistance to 5-aza seen upon DNMT3B knockdown appears to be due to a defect downstream of the induction of DNA damage. The data also suggests that induction of DNA damage 
in and of itself is insufficient to account the 5-aza hypersensitivity of NT2/D1-R1 cells. DNMT3B knockdown opposes low-dose 5-aza genomewide activation of p53 target genes and repression of pluripotency genes in NT2/D1-R1 cells Genome-wide expression analysis was performed on NT2/D1R1 control and DNMT3B knockdown cells treated for 3 days with low-dose 5-aza. There was a large degree of overlap in 5-aza responsive genes in NT2/D1-R1 beta-Mangostin site compared to NT2/D1 cells and those genes upregulated by 5-aza in NT2/D1-R1 cells were again associated with DNA damage and Demethylation Therapy in Testicular Tumors Demethylation Therapy in Testicular Tumors 6 Demethylation Therapy in Testicular Tumors p53 while those genes repressed by 5-aza were associated with stemness and pluripotency. There were very few genes changed basally due to DNMT3B knockdown alone in NT2/D1-R1 cells and little correlation was observed between these few genes and the genes altered by 5-aza treatment of NT2/ D1-R1 cells. These data indicate that DNMT3B knockdown alone is insufficient to allow re-expression of DNA methylated genes in NT2/ D1-R1 cells. However, knockdown of DNMT3B substantially suppresses 5-aza mediated gene expression changes. PAM analysis was performed on 1169 genes changed 1.5-fold or greater between sh-control, sh-control+5-aza, sh-DNMT3B, and sh-DNMT3B+5-aza groups. Of the 6 clusters identified, Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 are particularly informative. Cluster 1 represents 129 genes that were downregulated by 5-aza in control cells but not by 5-aza in DNMT3B knockdown cells. These genes are enriched for pluripotency genes including NANOG, SOX2, PHC1, GDF3, DPPA2 and DPPA3. Cluster 2 represents 337 genes that are induced by 5-aza only in control cells and not in sh-DNMT3B cells. These include p53 target genes p21, GADD45A, BTG2, IER3 and GDF15. Lists of the genes represented in Fig. 5B and Fig. 5C are provided in knockdown of DNMT3B alone is sufficient for NT2/D1-R1 cells to undergo wide-spread promoter DNA hypomethylation but is not sufficient for gene re-expression. The results also imply promoter DNA hypomethylation alone cannot fully account for the robust effects of 5-aza on gene expression in NT2/D1-R1 cells. Low-dose 3 day 5-aza treatment of control NT2/D1-R1 cells altered the promoter methylation of a smaller set of genes compared to DNMT3B knockdown and again the majority of genes had decreased methylation. Strikingly, approximately 60% of the genes with decreased promoter methylation with 5-aza also demonstrated decreased 10636248 9776380 methylation with DNMT3B knockdown. This can be seen by hierarchical clustering of the 4 treatment arm values for just the 388 genes with significant methylation changes with 5-aza in control cells. As expected, there was little overlap in genes with increased promoter methylation with 5-aza treatment in control cells and DNMT3B knockdown. Approximately 10% of genes with decreased methylation with 5aza also showed increased gene expression after 5-aza treatment. In contrast, approximately 4% of the genes with increased methylation showed an unexpected increase in gene expression with 5-aza. Global DNA promoter methylation analysis was also performed in NT2/D1 cells after 3 day low-d